Colonialism and Slavery

Colonialism and Slavery â€Å"l hate imperialism. I detest colonialism. And I fear the consequences of their last bitter struggle for life. We are determined, that our nation, and the world as a whole, shall not be the play thing of one small corner of the world. † (Sukarno) When it comes to taking over another country, the selfish reasons behind it cloud the minds of the colonizers into thinking that what they are doing is to the advantage of the victims.The lived experience of Okonkwo and Linda challenges the argument that defenders of colonialism and slavery made by proving that the colonizers trying to civilize and ring Christianity to the colonized countries worsened their lives instead of improving them by pushing out their culture and religion, and physically and mentally abusing them; through discovering the reasons for colonialism, then comparing them to the stories of Okonkwo and Linda the truth of what colonialism said it was doing and what it actually was doing to a colonized or slave person. There are many reasons why colonialism and slavery have thrived for many years.Westerners wanted to beat the competitor within the Western countries. White upremacy is a major advocate in the onslaught of colonialism. The idea of racial entitlement and genetic inferiority is what pushes the movement of imperialism. Blatantly narcissistic gauges of the worth of non-European peoples – skin color, fashions in or lack of clothing – receded in importance; measurements of cranial capacity, estimates of railway mileage, and the capacity for work, discipline, and marking time became the decisive criteria by which Europeans Judges other cultures and celebrated the superiority of their own. Adas, 146) Europeans considered all ther cultures â€Å"uncivilized† and wanted to bring to them the idea of modernity. No other culture lives up to the mindset of European culture and they know that and use that to their advantage.

Contribution of Engineers in Society

Question 5: In this technological age, the power of the engineers in shaping the society and environment in all pervading and can profoundly affect the lives of many members of the society. Enumerate, from your personal experience, how largely positive impacts have accrued from the contributions of engineers. Answer: Introduction In the eyes of public, an engineer is a professional man who is of sufficient training, expertise, and integrity as to be able to act with independence and impartiality in his professional judgments to ensure trust and confidence of public.Since ancient era to recent technological age, participation and contribution of engineers have been seen in all ways of life. Involvement and contributions of engineers are tremendous and playing important roles in almost all aspects of human being life. Let us discuss from the following few angles: – 1)HSE Engineers in their profession, shall identify the safety and health risks in their works, assess them and tak e steps to minimize and control these risks in the work place and public arena. Engineers are involved in the search for safer work places and products.These search for improved safety benefited in reducing accidents and harm to the public. Engineers are keenly aware that their work and recommendations can have a very major impact on the environment that we live in. The very car that we drive emits carbon dioxide that is causing warming of the atmosphere that eventual could lead to massive environmental disasters later. Engineers are at the very core of the research and development into ways and means to reduce emissions by example of hybrid cars, cars running on hydrogen or biofuel alternative.Engineer has reduced greatly the negative impact from the sewerage generated by the increasing population. The sewerage produced by human being if not treated properly, will cause disastrous to the environment. Imagine what is going to happen if the underground water and rivers are contaminat ed by the sewerage. Therefore the engineer’s effort in construction of the sewerage treatment plant has greatly impact in preservation of environment. 2)DevelopmentEngineers contributed very significantly to a country’s development from an agricultural economy to one that includes manufacturing, communication services and exploitation of the country’s natural resources like tin, hydropower, oil and gas. They built the infrastructure and the tools necessary for progress. Without road, highways, bridges, clean water supply, electrical power supply, telephone and cell phone communication, we would be living lives in jungle, where it will be dark at night and water is from well. Engineers build new townships and residential areas which create more jobs opportunity to the adjacent areas.In the city, engineers build high rise building which maximize land usages, provide a better and comfortable working environment to increase quality & productivity of work. Engineers also forecast & plan for future water demands & make proposals to solve current water supply problems. Example: Proposal of building new water treatment plants & reservoirs, or replacement of old pipelines to reduce loses due to leakages and so on, all these were developed and built with the input from engineers. One of the engineer’s contributions that have major impact of the lives of many members of society is in the Transportation sector.Better transportation network such as PLUS, KESAS, ELITE, will boost many new residential area & township development of suburban area. Upgrading of road network and transportation system improve production and economy; improve unity of nation and communication between state. People find easier and more convenient in moving around from one place to anther place. It only takes about 4 hours to travel from Penang to KL with North South Highway. Rest & Recreation Area provide a place for road users to rest and a new optional place for food, recreation and public services.Engineers also help in providing good public transportation network which enhance country image. Moving around in big city in Klang Valley using Light Rail Transit and Monorail System can avoid the congestion of traffic, overcome the problem of scarcity of car parks and shorten the period of time to reach the destination. Engineers provide solution for limited space in a city by efficiency of interchange, solve foundation and stability problem, carry out value engineering for optimization of cost which make more development for limited capital a nation has.Beside this, the improvement in the telecommunication contributed by the engineers in the field of electrical, electronic and computer engineering have resulted to a better quality of lives. Satellite TV and cell phones together with computer and internet have enabled us to communicate instantly and anywhere on earth, so that we are now more informed than ever with the information that can be searche d for and accessed more readily. One can communicate with their friends, family members, business partners or clients at any place, and anytime.The advancement in communication coupled with the better physical communication such as transportation network have bring not just better quality of life, but also have increased business activities, more decision can be made daily, more people can be involved in business activities, more income generated for company and individual, and the taxes collected by the government as well. 3)Innovation on equipment and machine The life expectancy of the population at large is getting longer and part of the reason is the health service providers like hospital being equipped with better tools and machines e. g. -rays and scanners developed and built by engineers. Medicine has been made more cheaply and widely available by new techniques. Engineering practices and knowledge that have been put in the design, application and production of hearing aids a nd other equipment such as lasers for optometric correction is a significant contribution to the better welfare of human being. The home is typically equipped with airconditioning and washing machine that engineers contributed in the development and manufacturing so that we can live a more comfortable life with more time for more productive and creative activities.Conclusion Engineer’s professional behavior require that they act faithfully to their employer or clients, be competent in their field of work, gain required technical know how and work experience, put the safety of the public in profound regards, protect the environment, contribute to sustainable development, make objective and truthful report to the public if needed, avoid conflict of interest in the job and to act honorably and respectfully in their professional conduct.The most important aspect is that any advice given has to be fair, objective, impartial, and has to be in the best interest of the public in gene ral and client in particular, in order to instill public confidence and trust. Engineers must be seen as a person with total integrity in his work and no compromise to his professional judgment.These behaviors generally spill over to the professional’s conduct in public and thereby contributing to a better work place and to the society from the services and products they have generated. All of these have resulted a quantum leap in human civilization and all these cannot be happened without engineers.

3G Services in India

India’s much awaited third generation (3G) mobile services auction was reschedule to February 2010 as we shared in our earlier news. Before the long expected 3G auctions, telecom experts advised prospective operators to search for the High-end customers in their existing subscriber base and prepare to them to shift to high speed download with the 3.5G that the third generation spectrum would facilitate. The telecom expert’s view at a 3G India Mobile Operators Executive Summit was that the new service could lead to explosive 3G growth in India with low cost UMTS enable mobile phones. It would enable cheaper download of several applications like Mobile TV, Video clips of films and Sports like Cricket, Education network Gaming and Entertainment; for hi-end users, voice and video callings would be cheaper on 3G. The State run telecom operator Bhart Sanchar Nigam Ltd (BSNL) and Mahanagar Telephone Nigam Ltd (MTNL) who have been providing 3Gmobile services for some months and still only licensees to provide the 3G mobile and broadband service in India, enlightened the operators assembled with their own experience in the much hyped 3G domain. India’s First 3G mobile service operator MTNL ’s Chief General Manager (Wireless Services-Delhi), A. K. Bhargava pointed out how the problem was not in technology but in ancillary services like billing and customer management. â€Å"The customer does not care whether it is 3G or 2G; we have to educate him on what benefits to expect from 3G.† MTNL had fewcustomers to begin with but once the benefits were explained â€Å"we had one lakh new 3G customers in just a month†. The higher tariff at the beginning restricted usage but â€Å"when tariff came down, customer base multiplied†, he added. His view was that â€Å"it was too early to talk of 3G services becoming popular with bottom of the pyramid customers.† But for the service to be profitable, the customer search should include middle level users as well as hi-end ones. The potentialcustomers could be preselected from the existing subscriber base and told about what 3G could mean to each one of them. The MTNL executive suggested that operators must project 3G as a tool for enhancing efficiency, productivity and as promoting a changed life style and not as a mere upgrade on 2G. According to the BSNL principal general manager for value added services, Mr. S. S. Sirohi, 3G would be most popular with those who need to use Internet while on the move. â€Å"Download is quick with 3G bandwidth† he pointed out taking a leaf out of his company’s offer of 3G services in the last few months. Live TV would be most popular and also network games with 3G availability. Mr. Sirohi advised theprospective operators to offer a bouquet of services on 3G different from the ones they were so far offering on the 2G networks. â€Å"Opportunity for network games is enormous on 3G networks. This bouquet of services would drive the quest for rising average revenue per user†. Among other services that 3G would make popular, would be family services like multi-media. Operators should configure services before they begin to offer the higher bandwidth. Educate the customer to discover that for many of the hi-end services, 3G base would be much cheaper for him. The experts also wanted the cost of handsets that can enable use of 3G, to be cheaper than what they are today. â€Å"A handset costing Rs 5,000 may not be cheap by our standards† Mr. Bhargava pointed out. â€Å"It should come down to Rs.3000 or even less.† Telecom Regulatory Authority of India (TRAI) member R. N. Prabhakar advised the operators to use existing 2G networks to transmit 3G service also, to reduce costs enabling them with right software. HSPA enabled networks would be able to handle 3G transmission. He assured mobilecustomers that the regulator would keep a watch on the quality of service of 2G operation even as networks move on to provide 3G services. Mr. Avner Amran, chief operating officer of leading 3G network provider TTI Telecom, a worldwide company with comprehensive 3G network operator service solutions experience in several continents likened the explosive growth of telecomin India as â€Å"more a kind of revolution than evolution, any operator going into 3G needs to prepare for the switching by advance preparation of the potential customer and lining up adequate applications†, he told a select audience at the summit organised by Bharat Exhibitions.Bharat Exhibitions MD Mr. Shashi Dharan said â€Å"3G about to become a reality from a dream† emphasizing the context of the event. The 3G auctions are expected to conclude by February There will be three type of customers to drive 3G in india†¦. 1. Business people using phones as Data Modem. Some thing similar to Reliance NetConnect or Tata Photon+. Pricing should be comparable to exiting broadband plans. 2. Connected Generation which needs to own one device to manage there social networks e.g. skype,twitter,facebook and always connected. 3. Parents of IT generation the great Indian Middle class who can always do with easy to use video phone services. 1. This delay of over three years has deprived Indian subscribers of the benefits of high-speed mobile data services, which is proven to affect positively the domestic economy 2. 3G will permit to offer data related services and also some innovative video VAS services. Giving millions of people access to broadband Internet in a short span of time. 3. This is also an opportunity for Indian developers to join efforts with operators to develop applications that will meet the needs of the Indian mobile user. And because of the size and India software skills, these could be rolled out into other emerging markets. 4. Moving 3G will enable high-speed data transfer enhance the user experience on services like live video streaming and many other graphic formats. As 3G is packet based, it uses wireless spectrum more efficiently than circuit switched formats. 5. The slow data transfer problems that subscribers faced with 2.5G will be improved by 3G. Also other services will be benefited by the higher bit pipe provided by 3G like music download or Internet applications/search. It will help operators offer rich content and new services such as mobile commerce, mobile music, video-based services and hi-speed mobile Internet services 6. One of the biggest benefits for operators in India for launching 3G is to provide additional spectrum for voice services. Many operators are starved of spectrum and as 3G offers four to five times the voice capacity of 2G spectrums, it is a cost-effective tool to deliver voice 7. Still India has a Poor broadband penetration (as of March 2008 there were only 6.22 million broadband subscriptions). mainly because the large untapped rural market. Is a big challenge to provide high bandwidth in rural areas using fixed lines. With 3G, network operators can offer wireless broadband services. Empowering services like telemedicine, virtual marketplace and e-learning can help to make people’s life better. 8. According to (FICCI), in India, 3G subscriber base is expected to reach 90 million by 2013, accounting for 12% of the overall wireless user base. By 2013, 3G service revenues are expected to generate $15.8 billion, accounting for a share of 46% in overall wireless service revenue. There will also be an increase in the share of non-voice services, including data card access, and short messaging service. The Average Revenue Per User (ARPU) from these services is expected rise from the present 9% to nearly 23%.† 2010. The Indian telecommunications industry is the world's fastest growing telecommunications industry,[1][2][3] with 688.38 Million telephone (landlines and mobile) subscribers and 652.42 Million mobile phone connections as of July 2010 [4] It is also the second largest telecommunication network in the world in terms of number of wireless connections after China.[5] The Indian Mobile subscriber base has increased in size by a factor of more than one-hundred since 2001 when the number of subscribers in the country was approximately 5 million[6] to 652.42 Million in July 2010.[4] As the fastest growing telecommunications industry in the world, it is projected that India will have 1.159 billion mobile subscribers by 2013.[7][8][9][10] Furthermore, projections by several leading global consultancies indicate that the total number of subscribers in India will exceed the total subscriber count in the China by 2013.[7][8] The industry is expected to reach a size of 344,921 crore (US$76.23 billion) by 2012 at a growth rate of over 26 per cent, and generate employment opportunities for about 10 million people during the same period.[11] According to analysts, the sector would create direct employment for 2.8 million people and for 7 million indirectly.[11] In 2008-09 the overall telecom equipments revenue in India stood at 136,833 crore (US$30.24 billion) during the fiscal, as against 115,382 crore (US$25.5 billion) a year before.

Controversy in Television Advertisement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Controversy in Television Advertisement - Essay Example Cigarette manufacturers were one of the first industries to advertise widely on television ("Lighten Up & Light Up," 2006). Tobacco advertising is the promotion of tobacco use (typically cigarette smoking) by the tobacco industry through a variety of media ("Tobacco advertising," 2007). Usually, this is more attractive to the younger population because of their overexposure to tobacco commercials shown on television. Considered as "one of the most-highly-regulated forms of marketing," it is banned by many countries around the world. According to ASH (2006), tobacco advertising is increasing the consumption by encouraging children or young adults to experiment with tobacco and thereby slip into regular use, by encouraging smokers to increase consumption, by reducing smokers' motivation to quit, by encouraging former smokers to resume, by discouraging full and open discussion of the hazards of smoking as a result of media dependence on advertising revenues, by muting opposition to cont rols on tobacco as a result of the dependence of organizations receiving sponsorship from tobacco companies, and by creating through the ubiquity of advertising, sponsorship, etc. an environment in which tobacco use is seen as familiar and acceptable and the warnings about its health are undermined. These are the reasons why the tobacco industry never ceases to spend billions worldwide trying to promote their harmful products thereby risking the health of more and more tobacco users. There are many methods of tobacco advertising in order to attract cigarette patrons especially younger people. These include sports sponsorship, promotional items, brand stretching, samples, and entertainment which are all shown on television. In sports sponsorship, "the companies try to connect tobacco with health and athletic prowess to reach out to a large audience by sponsoring sports events and teams" (Vu, Long, Talapa, & Jong, n.d.). In promoting various items, "the companies put their logos on ha ts, t-shirts, and other popular items children use" (Vu, Long, Talapa, & Jong, n.d.). Through brand stretching, "the companies market other products with a shared brand name such as Marlboro Classics clothing" (Vu, Long, Talapa, & Jong, n.d.). By giving free samples of cigarette products in malls, concerts, and mass events, the companies relays a "hidden" message why they should support the product. Lastly, through entertainment or the sponsorship of popular events such as concerts, competitions, and movies, it attracts the youth by displaying the positive aspect of smoking. An additional marketing tactic for TV ads is by depicting cigarette users as relaxed, stress-free and having fun thereby discouraging the news media from reporting on the health effects of smoking. In the United Kingdom, "the tobacco advertising and sponsorship ban were implemented under the Tobacco Advertising and Promotion Act 2002. The Act banned most forms of tobacco advertising, promotion and sponsorship, s pecifies a few practical examples (e.g. specialist tobacconists, intra-trade advertising), details offenses and defenses and establishes enforcement responsibilities" (ASH, 2006).  Ã‚  

Managment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Managment - Essay Example Compared to other graduates, I believe that my superior research skills and ability to organize myself and the team to face challenges puts me at an advantage. I bring the values of honesty, accountability and an ability to meet challenges head on to the table. I am transparent in my dealings and if I am given some responsibility, I ensure that I am accountable as well. Combined with the ability to rise up to challenges, these values make me an ideal person to lead a team. Further, I can subordinate my individual goals to the needs of the team making me a team player as well. Hence, this ability to be a part of the team as well as lead a team makes me versatile and skillful at my job. I will show my value to the prospective employer by telling him about the most significant challenge that I have faced in my life so far and recounting the details of how I overcame the challenge. The challenge being mentioned is about how I led from the front when faced with an intractable problem that required out-of-the-box thinking to arrive at a

Using Ethos In Designing Of Websites Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Using Ethos In Designing Of Websites - Essay Example The website for a project management tool, Basecamp uses Ethos to appeal to its customers by showing its credibility. The website shows a picture of two men talking to each other. One man asks the other, â€Å"How did you get that project done without losing your mind?† The second man Answers, â€Å"BASECAMP, we love it.† The answer from the second man proofs that the website is credible and reliable in project management. There is also the bold sentence on the website that shows that last year alone, the website helped over 285,000 companies complete more than 2 million projects. When navigating through the website one realizes that Basecamp marketing site builds credibility for their products and services by listing prominent customers that depend on the company to finish their projects. The method appeals to new customers who will trust and believe that the company will also give them good products and services. The website underlines and bold statements such as â€Å"Millions of people† use Basecamp. An indication of a strong and trustworthy customer base helps the website to build credibility among other people especially new clients. The website also shows that the company’s software for doing project management can operate on a variety of operating systems both on computers and smartphones. Customers will thus, understand that the information is true and credible. The website continues to appeal to customers by putting videos of important customers explaining what they like about Basecamp. It is clear that the Basecamp marketing website ap peals to ethos.

Group Psychology and the Analysis of the Ego Essay

Group Psychology and the Analysis of the Ego - Essay Example Group psychology is not concerned with group, as one could get the wrong impression by the name; on the contrary, it is connected with the individual who is part of the group, because every human being happens to be a member of many groups according to his environment and situation in life. "Group Psychology is therefore concerned with the individual man as a member of a race, of a nation, of a caste, of a profession, of an institution, or as a component part of a crowd of people who have been organised into a group at some particular time for some definite purpose (p.3)1. Group psychology is only the sum total of all the individual psychologies belonging to that particular group. Freud was of the opinion that the crowd, a gathering, or a mass of people, can reflect different psychological dimensions than loose individuals. Those dimensions need not be part of their daily life. They might surprise themselves by exhibiting totally alien behaviours, which are more in step with the group, and have less to do with their individuality and identification. He says that an individual could be brought to a condition where his personality traits are totally lost and he would commit uncharacteristic deeds on being suggested. A group is always more susceptible to influence, and it could swing dangerously without any regard for personal gain. "While with isolated individuals personal interest is almost the only motive force, with groups, it is very rarely prominent," (p.17). Group can create an unusual influence on the individual's mental activity so that his emotions are extraordinarily intensified and sometimes it inhibits the intellect and rational factors. He says that if an individual gives up his identity and becomes a part of the group, he does so, because he feels the need of being in harmony with others. There is a kind of bonding in a group, which might compel an individual to be carried away instinctively. "that a group is clearly held together by a power of some kind; and to what power could this feat be better ascribed than to Eros, who holds together everything in the world" he asks. Libido, as Freud sees it, is an emotional form comprising all sentiments that come under 'love' with sexual union as its aim. It can contain self-love, love for parents/children, friendship and general love for all and animals, or nature, because all tendencies are part of 'an expression of the same instinctive activities which might result in various kinds of relationships'. The soul of the mass is another kind of libido, which emotionally binds the individual into the group and each individual usually feels the same and this libido becomes the mass soul that compels all the likewise members of the group to feel and emote identically. Another most important factor here is the leader of the group who "stands in the relation of a kind elder brother; he is their father surrogate" (p.43). Freud theorises that the same group essence could be found in the libidinal ties of panic phenomenon that exists in the military groups. This collective dread can happen "either owing to an increase of the common danger or owing to the

Portrait of Augustus of Primaporta Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Portrait of Augustus of Primaporta - Essay Example Through this sculpture, Augustus meant to publicize his relationship with Athen’s authority and supremacy. Simultaneously, he meant to proclaim autocracy and progeny of God for himself and his family. The marble portrait of Augustus depicts an air of commandership with athletic perfection. His armour and angelic support (Cupid /son of Venus) on the side shows that he has been a significant ‘Imaginer’ by proclaiming association with God. His raised arm show how Augustus has been a leader and is followed by many in Rome. Simultaneously, his appearance and posture matches with ‘Spear- Bearer’ Statue. Therefore, he has youthful appearance and trim shaped body. Since Romans liked to show perfection with supernatural association, hence; this portrait contains Cupid holding onto Augustus side. Cupid is riding on a dolphin, which was a sign of his Navy. Therefore, this shows that his Naval army had supernatural aid. Since he also proclaimed that he is a descendent of God; thus, it was obvious to expect excellence in the statue as

Inequality Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Inequality - Essay Example It should be realized that every individual possesses different levels of skills ad capabilities. In order to become better leaders, it is important for the individual to grow and develop their emotional intelligence in order to manage people better. The need to cultivate emotional intelligence arises out of several needs (Goleman, 65). The case provides an analysis in which an individual is able to be self-aware and recognize the emotions as they occur around him. As John improves in EQ, he is able to understand himself better and the people he manages in the organization greatly depend upon him. More importantly, his social life improves drastically due to the self-awareness. This is certainly an important skill for all leaders as it enables them to discover and understand their skills, strengths and weaknesses. Such leaders are able to understand the emotions of their workers and therefore treat them in the most appropriate way. The result of such awareness is an improvement in the overall performance in the organization. From the case, it is seen that John eventually manages to stay aware of his feelings and those of his senior regarding his performance in the organization. He realizes that despite the fact that he is a good performer in his field, he still needs to horn his management skills. It is basically a question of managing emotions and clearly understanding the wider picture in the whole organization (Goleman, 23). At the end, it is seen that John cannot simply rush into decisions but will clearly manage his emotions and make the most appropriate decision. For leaders, emotional management is a vital aspect and should be greatly valued. A leader should know how to balance situations and counsel his subjects without showing any inappropriate emotions in the process. In such a case, the leader will earn and maintain their respect from the subjects. In the case of John, many workers are free to consult him on various issues as a result of

Synthesis Sport and Ethnography Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Synthesis Sport and Ethnography - Essay Example Nancy Nerenberg uses her article â€Å"next game† to convince the society that women participation in sport is rewarding although the sports had been a culture of men. Women involved in various sports attract media coverage. This is because for a long time, few women have risen above tradition cocoon to take part in sports. Sporting makes women gain a sense of community in public places and in the entire society. This paper argues that exemplary performance of women in sports is a clear indication of women potentiality in sports. Natalie argues that penetration of women into games such as skateboarding draws attention of very many people in the society. This occurs because skateboarding has been a preserve of men. Natalie observes that when a woman makes the decision of taking part in skateboarding it goes against the common grain of a male dominated game. Women who take part and perform exemplary in skateboarding often feel confident of the identity in the society. Women pene tration into skateboarding is still low. Skateboarders argue that women culture is a factor that has contributed to this low numbers. According to Natalie, girls fear to register bruises or scars on their bodies. On the contrary, women participants in skateboarding have shown exemplary performance and won public support. Feminine passivity in sports is a factor that influences individual performance of women skateboarding. ... This was contrary to the views of her father who viewed skating as a game of men. It is evident the exemplary women performers have struggled in their communities to rise to those heights. Facing the cultural odds in the society requires motivation. Convincing the society to accept uncommon culture is another uphill task or challenge that women have to face. The skateboarding has recognized the significance performance of women. Women skaters have to endure what would rather look like intimidating experience when performing amid men. This occurs because a woman skater may fail to get women peers to take part in skate game. Largely, women skaters confess to have taken some time practicing alone because of the cultural constraints that they face in the game. Nerenberg argues that basketball game is a sport that is a preserve for men for a very long time. The number of women participants in the game is low because of the cultural practices in the game. The game is roughly played, thus a ttracting the interest of a few women. Further, feminine passivity in the society influence the choice of sport that women would play. Nerenberg illustrates in her article that notions that attribute a particular game to a particular sex complicate the role of women in the game. The norms of the game and the nature of play is another factor that deprived women from taking active role. However, Nerenberg argues that male dominance in the game illustrates the perception that women have towards the game. Other than this, it also illustrates the societal inclinations or societal perception towards women. Largely, the society viewed women as weak for the game. Courage and strength are some of the things that influence participation of women. Another reason why a few women went for the

Chemistry Extended Essay Essay Example for Free

Chemistry Extended Essay Essay To investigate the effect of 2-bromo-2-methyl propane concentration and temperature of the system on the rate of reaction of solvolysis of 2-bromo-2-methyl propane in 90% ethyl alcohol Done by: Habib Iscandar Hinn Friends Boys School June 22, 2007 To investigate the effect of 2-bromo-2-methyl propane concentration and temperature of the system on the rate of reaction of solvolysis of 2-bromo-2-methyl propane in 90% ethyl alcohol Introduction: The major product of the solvolysis of t -butyl chloride in 70 % water 30 % acetone is t-butyl alcohol, with a small amount of isobutylene being formed as a by product And this is with accordance of first order kinetic and suggests a two step mechanism in which the rate determining step consists of the ionization of t-butyl chloride, and in this mechanism a carbonium ion is formed as inter- mediate and this bonds immediately to near by nucleophile (in this case nucleophile is a neutral molecule) the initial product is t-butyl carbonium ion. Note1: if the nucleophile is neutral the product will be charged since the leaving group takes both bonding electrons away with it So chemists have proposed to general types of mechanism: 1- Nucleophilic substitution Sn1 The ionization step in a Sn1 reaction is endothermic and much slower than the exothermic neutralization of carbonium ion by a nucleophile. And so the rate determining step being the unimolecular ionization of the t-butyl chloride equation 4, and as a result, the overall rate of reaction is not affected by changes in the concentration or kinds of nucleophilic reagents present. Note2: the factor which determines the mechanisms employed is typically the nature of the substrate it self and not the particular nucleophile Note3: if the sum of the energy of the product is lower than the energy of the reactant the reaction is exothermic, and if the product have higher energy than the reactant the reaction is endothermic. 2- Elimination E1 (elimination unimolecular) And because t-butyl chloride acts as a Lewis acid (an electrophile) and combines with a nucleophile to give a substitution product, so the major product of the solvolysis of t-butyl chloride in water-acetone solvent is t-butyl alcohol. (Note4: electrophile: an electron deficient atom, ion or molecule that as affinity for an electron pair, and will bond to a base or nucleophile.) (Note5 : nucleophile: and atom, ion , or molecule that has an electron pair that may be donated in forming covalent bond to an electerophile.) Evaluating the mechanism: The only reactant that is undergoing change in the rate determining step is t-butyl chloride and so such reactions is a unimolecular and follow a first order equation (Sn1, E1). This means that the rate of the reaction varies directly with the concentration of t- butyl chloride. And since nucleophilic only participate in the fast second step, so their relative molar concentrations rather than their nucleiophilities are the primary product determining factor, and by using nucleophilic solvent like water, so its high concentration will assure that alcohols are the major product, and because water have a high dielectric constant (e=81) so water molecule tend to orient them-selves in such a way as to decrease the electrostatic forces between ions. And an important factor is the salvations which refer to water molecules ability stabilize ions by encasing them in a sheath of weakly bonded solvent molecules: 1- Anions are solvated by hydrogen bonding, 2- Cations are solvated by nucleophilic sites on water molecule (oxygen). And in this case of t-butyl carbonium ion the nucleophiles form strong covalent bond to carbon and converting the intermediate to a substitution product. The reaction mechanism is a sequential account of each transition state and intermediate in a total reaction, the over all rate of reaction is determined by the transition state of highest energy in the sequence, so the rate determining step is the rate determining step for both the Sn1 and E1 for t butyl chloride. (Note 6: the water soluble organic solvent acetone is used to keep a reasonable concentration of t-butyl chloride in solution) The balance equation for t-butyl chloride solvolysis in water-acetone solvent is: The effect of concentration on the solvolysis of t-butyl chloride in 70 %water 30 %acetone solvent. As the reaction proceeds the solution becomes increasingly acidic until all of the t -butyl chloride has reacted and all HCl that can form has formed. So we will monitor the reaction by allowing HCl formed to neutralize a predetermined amount of NaOH. An indicator dye (bromo-phenol blue) will change color when the NaOH has been neutralized, and clocking of the reaction should begin at the instant. So according to kinetic measurements: Rate of reaction = K [t butyl chloride] Where K is the specific rate constant in S -1 and [t butyl chloride] is the concentration of t-butyl chloride in M. Our kinetic measurement will depend on the determination of the amount of HCl produced by the reaction, so by monitoring the color change of the acid base indicator, we will determine the time required for 10% of t-butyl chloride to hydrolyze by having 10 % as much NaOH present as T-butyl chloride. Rate = d [Rcl] dt ; Where Rcl = -dt [Rcl] = K [Rcl] dt Rearranging, d [Rcl] = -K dt [Rcl] And integrating for t=0 to t=t will give; = Ln [Rcl] t Ln [Rcl] 0 = Kt 2.303 Log [Rcl] 0 = Kt [Rcl] t 2.303 Log [Rcl] 0 = Kt [Rcl] t Where [Rcl] 0: is the molar concentration at time t = 0 [Rcl] t: is the molar concentration at time t = t Two methods to calculate K 1- since the equation Kt = 2.303 Log [Rcl] 0 [Rcl] t Is an equation of a straight line (y=mx+b) with slope k. and intercept =0, a plot of 2.303 log [Rcl] 0 / [Rcl] t versus t should yield a straight line with slope k. 2- if the solvolysis reaction run to 10% completion Then, [Rcl] = 0.90 [Rcl] 0 Kt = 2.303 Log [Rcl] 0 = 2.303 log (1.11) 0.90 [Rcl] 0 And therefore, K = 0.104 T So by finding the value of K and compensate it in the rate of reaction equation Rate = K[Rcl] where the concentration of Rcl is known we can calculate the value of the rate of reaction and we will see its effect on the solvolysis of t butyl chloride in 70% water 30 % acetone solution. The effect of temperature on the solvolysis of t -butyl chloride in 70%water 30%acetone solvent. In nearly every instance an increase in temperature causes an increase in the rate of reaction, because the total fraction of all of the t butyl chloride 1molecules having energies equal to or greater than activation energy (Ea) Corresponds to the shaded portion of the area under the curve increases by increasing the temperature and by comparing the area for two different temperature, we see that the total fraction of t- butyl chloride molecules with sufficient kinetic energy to undergo reaction increases with increasing temperature and consequently, so does the reaction rate. Note7: changing the concentration affects the rate of reaction changing the temperature affects the rate constant as well as the rate. By finding the values of reaction rate constant K for different concentration of t-butyl chloride and different reaction temperature, we will find the effect of temperature on the solvolysis of t-butyl chloride in water acetone solvent. Quantitatively, K (s-1) is related to Ea and T by the equation K1 = Ae-Ea/RT1 1 Ea is the activation energy, in joule / mole. (Jmol-1) A is a proportionality constant, in s-1 R is the gas constant = 8.314 Jmol-1K-1 e is the base of the natural logarithms. T is temperature in Kelvin. This relation ship is known as Arrhenius equation We measure Ea by taking the natural logarithm of eq.1 Ln K = ln A Ea RT Thus, a plot of ln k versus 1/T gives a straight line whose slope is equal to -Ea/R and whose intercept with coordinate is ln A Note8: Ea is the activation energy, a constant characteristic of the reaction We can calculate the rate constant at some specific temperature if Ea and K at some other temperature are known. For any temp. T1 (known), Ea (known), K1 (known) K1 = A e -Ea/RT1 For any other T2 (known); (K2 unknown) K2 = A e -Ea/RT2 By dividing K1 over K2 K1 = A e -Ea/RT1 K2 A e -Ea/RT2 Taking natural logarithm of both sides, we get Ln K1 = Ea (1/T2 1/T1). K2 R Or in common logarithms (base 10 logarithms) gives: Log K1 = Ea (1/T2 1/T1) K2 2.303 R And by finding the value of K2 we will be able to find the rate of reaction at T2 and we will find the effect of temperature on the rate of solvolysis of t butyl chloride in 70 % water 30 % acetone solution. By finding the values of reaction rate constant K for different concentration of t-butyl chloride and different reaction temperature, we will find the effect of concentration and temperature on the solvolysis of t-butyl chloride in water acetone solvent. Procedure: Part A: the effect of concentration on the rate of solvolysis of t butyl chloride in 70%water 30%acetone solvent. a- Experimental procedure: to measure the time necessary for 10 % solvolysis of t butyl chloride (0.1 M concentration) in 70 % water 30% acetone solvent at room temperature. A, a, I:- 1- Prepare 500 ml of 0.1 M t- butyl chloride in acetone only and put it in an Erlenmeyer flask and label it #1. 2- Prepare 100 ml of 0.1 M NaOH solutions (in water) and put it in an Erlenmeyer and label it #2. 3- Using a burette take 30 ml of the solution in flask #1 and put it in another Erlenmeyer and label it #3. 4- By a graduated pipette take 3 ml of sodium hydroxide 0.1 M in an Erlenmeyer flask and label it #4. 5- Using a graduated cylinder measure 67 ml of distilled water added to an Erlenmeyer flask #4. 6- Add two drops of Bromo-phenol blue indicator to flask #4. A, a, II:- 1- Add quickly the solution in Erlenmeyer flask #4 to solution in flask #3 and start the stop watch to count for time in seconds. 2- Swirl the mixture and after one or two seconds immediately pour the combined solutions back into Erlenmeyer flask #4 to minimize the errors in the results. 3- The color of the mixed solutions is blue, so continue swirling the solution in Erlenmeyer flask #4 till the instant color of the solution start changing to yellow, then we stop the stopwatch and record the time. 4- Repeat the procedure at least three times and calculate the average. 5- Tabulate the results in record A. b- Experimental procedure: to measure the time necessary for 10 % solvolysis of t butyl chloride (0.2 M concentration) in 70 % water 30% acetone solvent at room temperature. A, b, I:- 1- Prepare 500 ml of 0.2 M t- butyl chloride in acetone only and put it in an Erlenmeyer flask and label it #1. 2- Prepare 100 ml of 0.1 M NaOH solutions (in water) and put it in an Erlenmeyer flask and label it #2. 3- Using a burette take 30 ml of the solution in Erlenmeyer flask #1 and put it in another Erlenmeyer flask and label it #3. 4- By a graduated pipette take 3 ml of sodium hydroxide 0.1 M in an Erlenmeyer flask and label it #4. 5- Using a graduated cylinder measure 67 ml of distilled water added to an Erlenmeyer flask #4. 6- Add two drops of bromo-phenol blue indicator to Erlenmeyer flask #4. A, b, II:- 1- Add quickly the solution in an Erlenmeyer flask #4 to solution in flask #3 and start the stop watch to count for time in seconds. 2- Swirl the mixture and after one or two seconds immediately pour the combined solutions back into an Erlenmeyer flask #4 to minimize the errors in the results. 3- The color of the mixed solutions is blue, so continue swirling the solution in Erlenmeyer flask #4 till the instant color of the solution start changing to yellow, then we stop the stopwatch and record the time. 4- Repeat the procedure at least three times and calculate the average. 5- Tabulate the results in record A. Part B: the effect of temperature on the rate of solvolysis of t butyl chloride in 70%water 30%acetone solvent. a- Experimental procedure: to measure the time necessary for 10 % solvolysis of t butyl chloride (0.1 M concentration) in 70 % water 30% acetone solvent at zero Celsius degree. B, a, I:- 1- Prepare 500 ml of 0.1 M t- butyl chloride in acetone only and put it in an Erlenmeyer flask and label it #1. 2- Prepare 100 ml of 0.1 M NaOH solutions (in water) and put it in an Erlenmeyer flask and label it #2. 3- Using a burette take 30 ml of the solution in Erlenmeyer flask #1and put it in an Erlenmeyer flask and label it #3. 4- By a graduated pipette take 3 ml of sodium hydroxide 0.1 M in an Erlenmeyer flask and label it #4. 5- Using a graduated cylinder measure 67 ml of distilled water added to Erlenmeyer flask #4. 6- Add two drops of bromo-phenol blue indicator to Erlenmeyer flask #4. B, a, II:- 1- Suspend the Erlenmeyer flasks in a water bath full with ice and water, allowing the temperature of the Erlenmeyer flasks and their contents to equilibrate for ten minutes. 2- Adding quickly the solution in Erlenmeyer flask #4 to solution in Erlenmeyer flask #3 and start the stop watch to count for time in seconds. 3- Swirl the mixture and after one or two seconds immediately pour the combined solutions back into Erlenmeyer flask #4 to minimize the errors in the results. 4- The color of the solution after that will become blue, so continue swirling the solution in Erlenmeyer flask #4 till the instant color of the solution start changing to yellow we stop the stop watch and record the time 5- Repeat the procedure at least three times and calculate the average. 6- Tabulate the results in record B. b- Experimental procedure: to measure the time necessary for 10 % solvolysis of t butyl chloride (0.1 M concentration) in 70 % water 30% acetone solvent at a temperature greater than room temperature by ten degrees. B, b, I:- 1- Prepare 500 ml of 0.1 M t- butyl chloride in acetone only and put it in an Erlenmeyer flask and label it #1. 2- Prepare 100 ml of 0.1 M NaOH solutions (in water) and put it in an Erlenmeyer flask and label it #2. 3- Using a burette take 30 ml of the solution in Erlenmeyer flask #1 and put it in an Erlenmeyer flask and label it #3. 4- By a graduated pipette put 3 ml of sodium hydroxide 0.1 M in an Erlenmeyer flask and label it #4. 5- Using a graduated cylinder measure 67 ml of distilled water added to Erlenmeyer flask #4. 7- Add two drops of bromo-phenol blue indicator to flask #4. B, b, II:- 1- Suspend the flasks #3 and #4 in a water bath full with ice and water, allowing the temperature of the flasks and their contents to equilibrate for ten minutes.(to reach the temperature of the water bath) 2- Adding quickly the solution in flask #4 to solution in flask #3 and start the stop watch to count for time in seconds. 3- Swirl the mixture and after one or two seconds immediately pour the combined solutions back into flask #4 to minimize the errors in the results. 4- The color of the mixed solutions is blue, so continue swirling the solution in flask #4 till the instant color of the solution start changing to yellow we stop the stopwatch and record the time 5- Repeat the procedure at least three times and calculate the average. 6- Tabulate the results in record B. Record A Run number Temperature Time of 10 % reaction Average time / seconds Record B Run number Temperature Time required for 10% reaction Average time/seconds Average time/ seconds References; * E. Brady, James. E. Humiston, Gerard., General Chemistry Principles and Structure, second edition, SI version, john Willy and sons, Inc. * Brewester, Vaderwerf and McEwen. Unitized Experiments in Organic Chemistry, 3rd Ed. * Streitwieser, Andrew. H. Heathcock, Clayton. Introduction to Organic Chemistry. * H. Reusch, William. An Introduction to Organic Chemistry. * J. Laidler, Keith. Chemical kinetics. 2nd ed. * Search engines that where used: o www.google.com o www.yahoo.com * Goldwhite, Harold. R. Spielman, John. College Chemistry, 1984

Clashes of Race Essay Example for Free

Clashes of Race Essay Abstract The purpose of this paper is to explore racism and discrimination within America. It was also a goal to show the relationships between racial clashes throughout history, and what the purpose behind the clashes was. By showing these clashes society gets a better understand of what triggers these action within society. Running Header: CLASHES OF RACE: UNDERSTANDING THE PURPOSE In the rather complex world in which society dwells on, society lacks appreciation for the simplicity of the universe. one act or idea can spawn certain events that affect the course of history. To understand history, it is essential for society to look at the causes behind the significance of an event. racial discrimination has spawned social clashes between ethnicities for generations, and it continues to do so. to understand the significance of these events, it is important to analyze the source of these racial clashes throughout history. analyzing the sources of these events provides, if any, patterns of human nature in response to mistreatment due to racial profiling. it is also essential to analyze the basic principles of discrimination within the twenty-first century and what society faces in present day. Before analyzing racial discrimination in the twenty-first century, the importance of understanding the different types of racism is needed. There are two types of discrimination that society faces present day, direct discrimination and indirect discrimination. direct discrimination by definition, is when an individual or group is singled out directly by society or an individual based on there race. indirect discrimination is when an individual is singled out surreptitiously by an individual or group. this is more prevalent within present day culture, compared to direct discrimination. The reason being that racism in the twenty-first century is less acceptable among society. the result of racism is that it is less acceptable within modern day society is racism taking on a more enigmatic face. Running Header: CLASHES OF RACE: UNDERSTANDING THE PURPOSE social clashes that resulted from direct discrimination have been apart of america for decades. prime examples of direct discrimination are famously the wars and massacres enacted on early native americans. The reasons for these attacks on native americans were due to new settlers in america wanting to acquire resources from the natives themselves. The colonist’s believed that the natives way of life was inferior to their own, due to the savageness of their own human nature. This is a prime example of micro-aggression in early american culture. Such events such as the â€Å"trail of tears† and many other attacks on the native american’s way of life was justified due to the idea of manifest destiny, which is a belief that the territory was a divine gift to the american colonist. This resulted in constant conflict between american society and native americans in the twenty-first century. it is important to understand how micro-aggression works and operates in the twenty-first century. With modern society changing into a more diversified culture in the United States, it is important to understand how indirect discrimination works in modern society. Society by nature tends to group themselves within certain micro-cultures, it is important to understand this important dynamic due to its purpose within society. this dynamic by nature forces ethnicities to side with a certain set of social norms and values. (West,2004) examples of how this affects modern day society would best be described by conflict with interracial marriages and racial generalization. Ethnic grouping has been apart of america since the beginning of american society. the colonist settled in america based on their religions and values, in which the colonist Running Header: CLASHES OF RACE: UNDERSTANDING THE PURPOSE had previously in britain. more modern examples of ethnic grouping would be groups, such as the black panther party, naacp are examples of more modern cases of ethnic grouping. (Jablonski,2012) the common feature of today’s society, also well known as mass media, has a huge impact on racial conflictions with the populace of todays society. One psychological principle says that if an image or idea is shown repetitively that the image or idea will leave an imprint on the mind, later on making the mind recognize the image or ideology as† normalcy†. (Yosso,2002) the mainstream media controls the public agenda, as well as the emotions reflected within society. the mass media needs to recognize the effect in which it has on society, the purpose of the media should be to promote the truth of a matter accurately. This would help balance out racial out lashes between ethnic neighborhood, as well as riots and other ethnic protest. (Vann,2006) in recent times of society, racism in north america has went through a major transformation, especially after the post-civil rights era where the democrats believed in equality for all types of ethnicities that specifically did not get along throughout the history of racism in society(Wamsted,D,2012). This shows the progression of diversity within America. however, even with change in equality the south still shows a higher percentage of direct discrimination as well as indirect discrimination in modern day society than the north. Some examples of the result of discrimination can best be depicted is social out lashes of an ethnic communities. this can be shown through protest, as well as more Running Header: CLASHES OF RACE: UNDERSTANDING THE PURPOSE serious demonstrations such as riots. the causes of these demonstrations can be a number of reasons, but one pattern that is shown throughout history is that most social out lashes resulted due to mistreatment among their race. an example of this would be the los angeles riots of 1992. The riots resulted from six officers found not guilty that were accused of beating a black male, rodney king. the riots lasted for six days, and resulted in thousands of injuries and fifty-three deaths. (Watts,2011) however, not every protest result in death and injury. through the civil rights era many protesters believed in the nonviolent approach of martin luther king jr. most protesters believed in sit-ins, boycotts, and other forms of nonviolent forms of protest. however, the effects of racism and discrimination has not stopped america from diversifying, but rather fueled individualism among minorities within america. A study shows that more minorities are striving for higher education within america. derek bok reported in 2000 in his book The Shape of the River that eighty-six percent of black students who enrolled in twenty-eight selective universities across the nation were apart of the middle-class or upper-middle class. This shows not only an increase in african american on college campus, but also the percentage of success among blacks with a stable financial backing. This trend is important to understand due to the progression of diversity within america. It is prevalent that not only income have increased among african americans, but also the number of blacks going to college compared to college statistics of the 1990s and 1980s. (Harring-Smith,2012) to understand the importance of an action, is in essence the greatest ideology or knowledge to grasp. for every action within society has an effect on history. The Running Header: CLASHES OF RACE: UNDERSTANDING THE PURPOSE importance of diversity within society continues to show progression. however, racism will always have its place within society. Society has to continue to evolve as well as continue to educate the youth in society to limit the grasp that racism has on america, whether the discrimination is indirect or direct. â€Å"weve got to face the fact that some people say you fight fire best with fire, but we say you put fire out best with water. we say you dont fight racism with racism. were gonna fight racism with solidarity. †-Fred Hampton Running Header: CLASHES OF RACE: UNDERSTANDING THE PURPOSE References: Haring-Smith, T. (2012). Broadening Our Definition of Diversity. Liberal Education, 98(2), 6. Jablonski, N. (2012). The struggle to overcome racism. New Scientist, 215(2880), 26. Vann, A. (2006, June 29). Sometimes the allegation of reverse racism is camouflage for maintaining the status quo. New York Amsterdam News. p. 13. Wamsted, D. J. (2012). Opening Doors for Diversity. Electric Perspectives, 37(3), 26. Watts. (2011). Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th Edition, 1. West, E. (2004). Expanding the Racial Frontier. Historian, 66(3), 552. doi:10. 1111/j. 1540-6563. 2004. 00088. x Yosso, T. J. (2002). Critical Race Media Literacy: Challenging Deficit Discourse about Chicanas/os. Journal Of Popular Film Television, 30(1), 52.

Globalization Has Increased Poverty In A Developing Nation Economics Essay

Globalization Has Increased Poverty In A Developing Nation Economics Essay Nowadays, the term globalization is the main focus of attention. It is often described as a process of internationalization easy communication regardless of geographical boundaries due to advance technologies, easy and fast financial capital flow across the globe and countries become more interdependent particularly in economy. It is believed that globalization provides consumers with variety of choices with affordable price. So, is the globalization reducing or increasing poverty? This study will attempt to briefly answer this question. Though both the United Nations and India have celebrated fifty years, they have been criticized for failing to translate the stated mandate for the disadvantaged millions. Half a century after Independence, as of now, we have the largest population of poor people in the world, one third of our rural population is below the poverty line and despite the UN agencies massive aid projects, the development assistance of the World Bank, bilateral aid, the Center and State governments intervention, the gap between the rich and the poor has doubled in the last three decades fifteen years ago the lowest 20 per cent of global population received 2.5 per cent of global wealth whereas at present, the share has been reduced to less than 1.3 per cent. For example, the 1999 UNDP Human Development Report records that the gap between the rich and the poor among nations as well as within nations has widened. Even the World Bank in its Report for 1999 concedes that raising the GNP is not enough to impr ove human development, other social measures are needed. The trickle-down theory of economic development cannot bring out the desired results. It has also pointed out that India is a country of stark contrasts and disparities. Among the widening contradictions some seem to be glaring. Undoubtedly food grain production has increased fourfold but 653 per cent of children under four remain undernourished; literacy has doubled, yet half the population is illiterate, life expectancy has improved but only 927 females survive for every 1000 males. As we have entered into the twenty-first century, it is imperative on our part to look at the scenario with bare facts and figures. The problem statement Does Globalization increase or reduce poverty. Objective and scope Poverty in India is widespread with the nation estimated to have a third of the worlds poor. According to a 2005 World Bank estimate, 42% of Indias falls below the international poverty line of $1.25 a day (PPP, in nominal terms Rs. 21.6 a day in urban areas and Rs 14.3 in rural areas); having reduced from 60% in 1980. According to the criterion used by the Planning Commission of India 27.5% of the population was living below the poverty line in 2004-2005, down from 51.3% in 1977-1978, and 36% in 1993-1994 Among the causes ascribed for the high level poverty in India are its history under British rule, large population, and low literacy. Also important is Indias social structure, including the caste system in India, and the role of women in Indian society. Economic growth has in the past been dampened by a dependence upon agriculture, and the economic policies adopted after its independence. Since the 1950s, the Indian government and non-governmental organizations have initiated several programs to alleviate poverty, including subsidizing food and other necessities, increased access to loans, improving agricultural techniques and price supports, and promoting education and family planning. These measures have helped eliminate famines, cut absolute poverty levels by more than half, and reduced illiteracy and malnutrition. (I) Defining globalization and poverty (II) Does Globalization reduce poverty, (III) Does Globalization increase poverty, (IV) What are the other reasons contributing to poverty, (V) What role The World Bank, IMF and WTO play in developing countries, (VI) Who benefit the most from globalization. Defining Globalization and Poverty Globalization has been defined in various dimensions. Among many established definitions, these are some of them. Globalization as internationalization in which is viewed as simply another adjective to describe cross-border relations between countries; Globalization as liberalization which refers to a process of removing government-imposed restrictions on movements between countries in order to create an open, borderless world economy. Defining poverty is controversial. Definition of poverty in developed countries may not be applicable to the one in developing countries. However, United Nations and World Bank define poverty line as living on less than a $1 and $2 a day for low income countries. Sociologists define poverty a lack of essential items such as food, clothing, water, and shelter needed for proper living . Since Globalization and Poverty is a huge and very broad topic, this short paper is to attempt looking at one of the heated debate questions on whether globalization reduces or increase poverty. Numerous studies on this issue have been carried out. However, the findings are conflicting. (II) Globalization Reduces Poverty Neoliberal economists widely believe that globalized trade benefits not only the affluent but also the poor through trade integration. Neoliberal economic theorymore open economies are more prosperous, economies that liberalize more experience a faster rate of progress Wade (2004, p-567). The belief is that as countries open up their economy such as by slashing down the trade barriers for instance tariff, custom duty and quotas, price of imported goods will be affordable for the poor; foreign direct investments come in and create jobs in local economy. Consequently, this increases export growth and GDP. Millions of poor peoples living standard improves because of jobs created. China, India and Vietnam are often cited as good examples for success of globalized economy. (III) Globalization Increases Poverty On the contrary, many economists are unconvinced by the neoliberal economists view that globalization reduces poverty. Pilger (2001) in his TV report on Indonesia presents that despite investments from multinational corporations (eg. Nike, Levis, Reebok Classic, Calvin Klein Jeans, Adidas, Gap Inc.), poverty remains unchanged in Indonesia. On average, Indonesian workers are paid only slightly over Rupiah 9,000 (US$1) per day which is just over half of a living wage. Harrison (2006) finds similar situation in Mexico. Mexico is a member of North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) signed in 1993 with Canada, Mexico and USA. If trade integration is to reduce poverty and benefit the poor as neoliberal economists suggest, poverty in Mexico should be declined. But, Harrison (2006, p-7) concludes that poverty rates in Mexico in the year 2000 were higher than they had been ten years earlier. This reinforces that neoliberal economists view on decline of poverty is unconvinced. (IV) Other reasons contribute to poverty Wade (2004, p-571) states that more than 1.2 billion people are still living on less than US$1 a day. The followings are some of the most recognized reasons contribute to poverty: lack of natural resources, natural disaster long period of draught, corruption and sanctions imposed against specific country. For example, according to United Nations, Cape Verde is one of the most stable democratic countries in Africa and the government is relatively mild in corruption. It ranks 49 out of 179 in Transparency Internationals 2008 Corruption Perceptions Index . But due to cycles of long-term drought, lack of natural resources, shortage of water supply and lack of foreign investments, the state is still among the poorest nations on earth despite its good governance. Countries with rich endowment of nature resources also remain in poverty due to wide spread corruption, bad governance, political instability and economic sanctions imposed by powerful countries. For example, my country, Myanmar (Burma) is still among the worlds poorest countries despite rich endowment of natural resources from oil to various gem stones. It is due to political instability, severe corruption, lack of reliable judiciary system, basic infrastructures and economic sanction imposed by The US. Consequently, unemployment rate is remarkably high and chance of economic success for big majority of population is slim unless economic and political reform take place. (V) Role of World Bank, IMF and WTO on development in poor countries The World Bank, International Monetary Fund (IMF) and World Trade Organization are widely known as driving forces of trade liberalization. Pilger (2001) interviews several former executive officials of The World Bank and IMF in his TV report on Indonesia. Those officials explain that the roles The World Bank and IMF have played in Indonesias economy and various criteria a country to comply with order to get loan from them. World Bank and IMF are supposedly to help poor countries. In reality, powerful countries use the two institutions as tools to suck up resources from developing countries via multinational corporations, according to the TV report. To get loans from the institutions, a country has to reform its economy which mainly means to open up markets and allow multinational corporations to access to countrys resources and privatize industries. Thus, complying with the criteria implies serving the best interests of multinational corporations. In addition to opening up markets for multinational corporations, the loans also come with so called technical experts or consultants. So, significant sum of the loans go back to developed countries as salaries of those experts. To get loan from the institutions, a country also has to have a good relationship with the US because it controls 16.77% of total votes in IMF and 16.39% of The World Banks total vote. For instance, N-Korea and Cuba cannot get loans from the institutions because of sour relationship with The US. World Trade Organization (WTO) is another driver of trade liberalization. It forces member countries to open up their markets and eliminate trade barriers. New members are also required to fulfill these criteria. Members are required to comply with intellectual property laws which were mainly written by the big corporations. WTO is widely criticized for being ineffective to protect the interests of developing nations. When trade disputes occur, chance of getting success in legal battle for poor country is very slim even if it has a good ground because the mechanism is so expensive and complicated. Besides, it cannot force developed countries to stop subsidizing agricultural industry because farmers from poor countries are unable to compete with those heavily subsidized farmers in developed countries. Thus, poor countries always have less advantage in global trading system. (VI) Who benefits the most from globalization? There is no doubt that globalized trades/economy benefits all the parties concerned. However, various studies show that advanced countries are benefiting from the trades more than poor countries. Yotpoulos and Romano (2007, P-21) state that free markets and free trade work best if there are supported by extensive institutional structure such as business infrastructures, reliable legal system and political stability. Thus, globalization is more likely to favour the countries which are wealthy and institution rich, at the expense of those that are poor. On the other hand, developing countries with strong infrastructure base, political stability, dependable legal system and abundant labor forces also benefit from globalization. China, India and Vietnam are often cited as ideal examples. Furthermore, United Nation (2007, P-23) asserts that countries with bargaining strength are more likely to benefit more from bilateral trade agreements and impose more onerous terms on the weaker parties. We must ensure that the global market is embedded in broadly shared values and practices that reflect global social needs, and that all the worlds people share the benefits of globalization. Kofi Annan . (VII) Conclusion In short, it is hard to find convincing data to support either globalization reduces or increases poverty. However, it is clear that globalization is more beneficial to developed countries than to developing countries mainly because of wide spread corruption, bad governance, lack of necessary business infrastructures. Unless world leaders share Kofi Annans concern We must ensure that the global market is embedded in broadly shared values and practices that reflect global social needs, and that all the worlds people share the benefits of globalization., the following remarks are unfortunately likely to continue to be true. George Monbiot (Environmentalist) summarizes, Globalization is used to suggest a coming together of people of all races, all countries. It will relieve poverty and distribute wealth. What is actually happening is precisely the opposite. The Poor become markedly poorer and wealthy become staggeringly wealthier. United States Space Command (1997, p-6) remarks The globalization of the world economy will also continue, with a widening between haves and have-nots. References: Ann Harrison, GLOBALIZATION AND POVERTY NATIONAL BUREAU OF ECONOMIC RESEARCH, Working Paper 12347, Cambridge, 2006. www.nber.org/papers/w12347 John Pilger, Globalization: New Rulers of the World, Carlton Production, 2001. (TV report) Pan A. Yotpoulos and Donato Romano (editors), The Asymmetries of Globalization, Routledge, USA Canada, 2007. ROBERT HUNTER WADE, Is Globalization Reducing Poverty and Inequality? London School of Economics and Political Science, World Development Vol. 32, No. 4, pp. 567-589, UK, 2004. United Nations, The Employment Imperative: Report on the World Social Situation 2007 New York, 2007. Significance of the study India opened up the economy in the early nineties following a major crisis that led by a FOREX crunch that dragged the economy close to defaulting on loans. The response was a slew of Domestic and external sector policy measures partly prompted by the immediate needs and partly by the demand of the multilateral organisations. The new policy regime radically pushed forward in favour of a more open and market oriented economy. Major measures initiated as a part of the liberalisation and globalisation strategy in the early nineties included scrapping of the industrial licensing regime, reduction in the number of areas reserved for the public sector, amendment of the monopolies and the restrictive trade practices act, start of the privatisation programme, reduction in tariff rates and change over to market determined exchange rates. Over the years there has been a steady liberalisation of the current account transactions, more and more sectors opened up for foreign direct investments and portfolio investments facilitating entry of foreign investors in telecom, roads, ports, airports, insurance and other major sectors. The Indian tariff rates reduced sharply over the decade from a weighted average of 72.5% in 1991-92 to 24.6 in 1996-97.Though tariff rates went up slowly in the late nineties it touched 35.1% in 2001-02. India is committed to reduced tariff rates. Peak tariff rates are to be reduced to the minimum with a peak rate of 20%, in another 2 years most non-tariff barriers have been dismantled by March 2002, including almost all quantitative restrictions. Globalization has increased poverty, although there is a school of thought that it has reduced poverty. India is Global: The liberalisation of the domestic economy and the increasing integration of India with the global economy have helped step up GDP growth rates, which picked up from 5.6% in 1990-91 to a peak level of 77.8% in 1996-97. Growth rates have slowed down since the country has still bee able to achieve 5-6% growth rate in three of the last six years. Though growth rates has slumped to the lowest level 4.3% in 2002-03 mainly because of the worst droughts in two decades the growth rates are expected to go up close to 70% in 2003-04. A Global comparison shows that India is now the fastest growing just after China. This is major improvement given that India is growth rate in the 1970s was very low at 3% and GDP growth in countries like Brazil, Indonesia, Korea, and Mexico was more than twice that of India. Though Indias average annual growth rate almost doubled in the eighties to 5.9% it was still lower than the growth rate in China, Korea and Indonesia. The pick up in GDP growth has helped improve Indias global position. Consequently Indias position in the global economy has improved from the 8th position in 1991 to 4th place in 2001. When GDP is calculated on a purchasing power parity basis. Globalisation and Poverty: Globalisation in the form of increased integration though trade and investment is an important reason why much progress has been made in reducing poverty and global inequality over recent decades. But it is not the only reason for this often unrecognised progress, good national polices , sound institutions and domestic political stability also matter. Despite this progress, poverty remains one of the most serious international challenges we face up to 1.2 billion of the developing world 4.8 billion people still live in extreme poverty. But the proportion of the world population living in poverty has been steadily declining and since 1980 the absolute number of poor people has stopped rising and appears to have fallen in recent years despite strong population growth in poor countries. If the proportion living in poverty had not fallen since 1987 alone a further 215million people would be living in extreme poverty today. India has to concentrate on five important areas or things to follow to achieve this goal. The areas like technological entrepreneurship, new business openings for small and medium enterprises, importance of quality management, new prospects in rural areas and privatisation of financial institutions. The manufacturing of technology and management of technology are two different significant areas in the country. There will be new prospects in rural India. The growth of Indian economy very much depends upon rural participation in the global race. After implementing the new economic policy the role of villages got its own significance because of its unique outlook and branding methods. For example food processing and packaging are the one of the area where new entrepreneurs can enter into a big way. It may be organised in a collective way with the help of co-operatives to meet the global demand. Understanding the current status of globalisation is necessary for setting course for future. For all nations to reap the full benefits of globalisation it is essential to create a level playing field. President Bushs recent proposal to eliminate all tariffs on all manufactured goods by 2015 will do it. In fact it may exacerbate the prevalent inequalities. According to this proposal, tariffs of 5% or less on all manufactured goods will be eliminated by 2005 and higher than 5% will be lowered to 8%. Starting 2010 the 8% tariffs will be lowered each year until they are eliminated by 2015. GDP Growth rate: The Indian economy is passing through a difficult phase caused by several unfavourable domestic and external developments; Domestic output and Demand conditions were adversely affected by poor performance in agriculture in the past two years. The global economy experienced an overall deceleration and recorded an output growth of 2.4% during the past year growth in real GDP in 2001-02 was 5.4% as per the Economic Survey in 2000-01. The performance in the first quarter of the financial year is5.8% and second quarter is 6.1%. Export and Import: Indias Export and Import in the year 2001-02 was to the extent of 32,572 and 38,362 million respectively. Many Indian companies have started becoming respectable players in the International scene. Agriculture exports account for about 13 to 18% of total annual of annual export of the country. In 2000-01 Agricultural products valued at more than US $ 6million were exported from the country 23% of which was contributed by the marine products alone. Marine products in recent years have emerged as the single largest contributor to the total agricultural export from the country accounting for over one fifth of the total agricultural exports. Cereals (mostly basmati rice and non-basmati rice), oil seeds, tea and coffee are the other prominent products each of which accounts fro nearly 5 to 10% of the countries total agricultural exports. Where does Indian stand in terms of Global Integration? India clearly lags in globalisation. Number of countries have a clear lead among them China, large part of east and far east Asia and eastern Europe. Lets look at a few indicators how much we lag. Over the past decade FDI flows into India have averaged around 0.5% of GDP against 5% for China 5.5% for Brazil. Whereas FDI inflows into China now exceeds US $ 50 billion annually. It is only US $ 4billion in the case of India Consider global trade Indias share of world merchandise exports increased from .05% to .07% over the pat 20 years. Over the same period Chinas share has tripled to almost 4%. Indias share of global trade is similar to that of the Philippines an economy 6 times smaller according to IMF estimates. India under trades by 70-80% given its size, proximity to markets and labour cost advantages. It is interesting to note the remark made last year by Mr. Bimal Jalan, Governor of RBI. Despite all the talk, we are now where ever close being globalised in terms of any commonly used indicator of globalisation. In fact we are one of the least globalised among the major countries however we look at it. As Amartya Sen and many other have pointed out that India, as a geographical, politico-cultural entity has been interacting with the outside world throughout history and still continues to do so. It has to adapt, assimilate and contribute. This goes without saying even as we move into what is called a globalised world which is distinguished from previous eras from by faster travel and communication, greater trade linkages, denting of political and economic sovereignty and greater acceptance of democracy as a way of life. Consequences: The implications of globalisation for a national economy are many. Globalisation has intensified interdependence and competition between economies in the world market. This is reflected in Interdependence in regard to trading in goods and services and in movement of capital. As a result domestic economic developments are not determined entirely by domestic policies and market conditions. Rather, they are influenced by both domestic and international policies and economic conditions. It is thus clear that a globalising economy, while formulating and evaluating its domestic policy cannot afford to ignore the possible actions and reactions of policies and developments in the rest of the world. This constrained the policy option available to the government which implies loss of policy autonomy to some extent, in decision-making at the national level. ~

Discovering a Culture through Magical Realism Essay -- Literature Essa

Discovering a Culture through Magical Realism      Ã‚   Every culture has a memorable type of literature. When one thinks of English literature, one thinks of William Shakespeare or Charles Dickens. The American writers Thoreau, Clemens, and Emerson bring to mind the days when America was still proving herself to be equal to the European countries. France had her own artists, such as Voltaire and Hugo, as did Spain with Cervantes and Dante. However, when one thinks of Latin America, what writers come to mind? Very few of these authors are as well known as those mentioned. However, through the concept of a previously unknown literature, the world is viewing Latin America in a new light. Magical Realism seems to have flourished in the warm, tropical climate and has bloomed so beautifully that scholars are at a loss to fully explain this concept and where it originated. Many opinions exist as to the true origins of Magical Realism. Flores has claimed that Borges, with his accomplished writings, began the movement. Flores also believes The Metamorphosis, written by Kafka, greatly influenced Borges, while other theories support Franz Roh as the source of this new movement. It seems the phrase was first coined by Roh while describing a new method of artwork in the 1920’s. This new artwork combined reality with a small addition of a nonrealistic aspect. For the most part, the general idea follows the theory of Roh’s creation. Each culture carves its own notch in the world of literature. America had to create her own new world of literature and still was criticized for not being like the other countries. It seems that when something is different, it is outcast and criticized to a much larger extent than should be. This situation... ... actually originated. The allure of this literature and the controversy concerning it will keep it on a steady rise in popularity through changing times because it is capable of change itself. Magical Realism reminds one of the beauty and the magic that can be found in everyday life. Works Cited Flores, Angel. â€Å"Magical Realism in Spanish American Fiction.† Magical Realism: Theory, History, Community. Ed. Lois Parkinson Zamora and Wendy B. Faris. Durham, N.C.: Duke UP, 1995: 109-117. Leal, Luis. â€Å"Magical Realism in Spanish American Literature.† Magical Realism: Theory, History, Community. Ed. Lois Parkinson Zamora and Wendy B. Faris. Durham, N.C.: Duke UP, 1995: 119-124. Roh, Franz. â€Å"Magical Realism: Post-Expressionism.† Magical Realism: Theory, History, Community. Ed. Lois Parkinson Zamora and Wendy B. Faris. Durham, N.C.: Duke UP, 1995: 15-31   

The Miners Strike 1984 Essay -- British Coal, Margaret Thatcher vs Tra

Throughout the century British coal had become increasingly costly and difficult to mine. Nationalization in 1948 had not altered this. Indeed, there was a case for saying that lack of government investment since that date had added to the problem. For some time Britain had been importing coal from abroad. With the exception of few pits producing particular types of coal, British mines by the 1970s were running at loss. When Margaret Thatcher became Prime Minister the first thing she wanted to do was limit union power. She felt that union power applied to nationalized industrial monopolies resulted in poor service at exorbitant cost to the taxpayers. She pointed to inefficient work practices, over employment and restrictive employment conditions such as the all union â€Å"closed shop†. The Thatcher government declared its unwillingness to put further public money into an industry which had little chance of being able to recover its place in a competitive market. â€Å"The policies of this government are clear – to destroy the coal industry and the NUM† – Union leader Arthur Scargill. B...

Emerging Trends Essays -- Transportation, Electric Vehicles

Many people have the idea that HEVs and electric vehicles are recent phenomenon. But the history of HEVs goes way back. According to Rahman (2008), the production of HEVs dates back to the early 1900s, when Ferdinand Porsche from Lohner Coach Factory developed the Mixte, which was a 4WD series-hybrid version of "System Lohner-Porsche". In order to extend operating range, the vehicle included two generators driven by 2.5-hp Daimler IC engines enabling it to cover almost 65 km on battery alone. It had a top speed of 50 km/h and a power of 5.22 kW during 20 minutes. Since then there has been various attempts by many other innovators to come up with a mass product of hybrid vehicle although there was no study that shows the demand for the products. A more recent working prototype of the Hybrid electric vehicle was built by Victor Wouk, who worked on HEVs for decades in the 60’s and 70’s. His innovative work earned him the title as the "Godfather of the Hybrid"(Woku & Goodstein, 2004). His major work that was considered innovative was the installation of a prototype hybrid drive train of a 16 kilowatts (21 hp) electric motor into a 1972Buick Skylark and was part of the United States Environmental Protection Agency Federal Clean Car Incentive Program that continued till 1976. The involvement of the United States government in the quest for the development and use of fuel efficient vehicles is an important part of HEVs history and development in USA. Several programs and initiatives were launched at different times. An important program that played a role in the history of HEVs in the United States was initiated in early 1990s. On a Congressional Research Service (CRS) report to congress, Sissine (1996) presented that on 29 September... ...U.S. market and U.S. companies have been globalized as well. The big Japanese car manufacturers, Honda and Toyota, entered the U.S. market in early 1980’s. Ever since, they have witnessed the growth of their market share while the ‘big three’ faced declining shares. Bradley et al. (2005) argued that the variation between rivals in terms of cultures and related philosophies has intensified rivalry in the industry. This rivalry is more intensified by high fixed costs associated with manufacturing and the low switching costs for consumers to buy different brand or model (Bradley et al., 2005, p.3). Rivalry and competition within the industry in the U.S. is becoming concentrated. The industry in the U.S. is no longer dominated by the Big 3. In the field of HEVs, the upper hand is hold by Toyota to a large extent followed by other international and local manufacturers.

Going Against Nature with T.C. Boyle

Jessica Arroyo English 116 11 April 2012 Life is hard. There are two things we need to succeed in life. We need to understand that nature is a key player in life, and that it has a greater power over us than we do it. We cannot control nature, nor can we impact what it has in store for us. If nature, such as the weather, decides there’s going to be a storm this weekend, well the best we can do is prepare for it. If nature creates us in one mode, who are we to go against it and try to change our species? If nature decides it’s going to slam a commit into the earth, we are helpless in the matter.Going against nature, or even questioning its methods, has its consequences and the characters of the short stories written by T. C. Boyle seem to know this all too well. Nature is a greater power who demands great respect. It is not a choice in matter, but rather a forced way of life that we have no means to alter, which Boyle convincingly conveys through his stories. In the stor y â€Å"The Swift Passage of Animals†, T. C. Boyle takes us on a â€Å"big adventure† (91) in which a new relationship is intended to flourish by a romantic weekend getaway.The nature of the male, Zach, is to impress the young recently divorced woman, Ontario. Though they are already dating, he is still courting her in hopes to further impress her by taking her to â€Å"hike the trails and cross-country ski†¦ and then sit at the bar at the lodge till it was time to go to bed†(84), by sharing the experiences with the greatest thing they have in common, their love for nature. Of course, there is more in it for Zach than just enjoying the beauty nature has, he intends on fulfilling the â€Å"unspoken promise percolating beneath the simple monosyllable of her assent—going to bed† (84).Zach is using her love of nature to his fullest advantage. Nature is not something to be taken advantage of, as it is not something to be questioned or controlled. Z ach, being the dominate â€Å"risk-taker† (79) that he believes himself to be is about to get a whole new taste of what nature has to offer when take advantage of for personal gain. Though Zach claims that the main reason for their trip is to explore and enjoy their common interest of nature at the Big Timber Lodge it is just a cover for what he really has in mind, which is going to bed with Ontario. T. C.Boyle’s diction throughout the beginning of the story foreshadows this â€Å"unspoken† (84) intention of Zach by placing details such as â€Å"the soft sexy scratch of [her voice] shot from his eardrums right to his crotch† (80), and the reference of her sweater with the â€Å"reindeer prancing across her breasts† (81), he foreshadows the consequences of these provoking thoughts by directly following them with the dangers of the â€Å"sleet† â€Å"dark† (80) road they were on. In showing his dominance and risk taking skills, Zach cho oses not to prepare in case they get caught in a storm on the way to the Lodge.He also presses nature even further by choosing to take the back road even though â€Å"there was a winter storm watch out of the Southern Sierras†¦and he knew that [it] would be closed as soon as the first snow hit† (74). All he could think about was getting there as fast as he could. â€Å"He was always in a hurry. Especially tonight. Especially with her† (74). Zach experiences his â€Å"first prick of worry† (81) when he spots a sign that said â€Å"Cars required with Chains† (81). Perversely† (95) nature enhances his worries by letting the snow paint the road with such intensity it was â€Å"as if some cosmic hand had swept on ahead with a two-lane paintbrush† (81). Despite the skidding of the tires and the snow â€Å"coming down as if it wasn’t going to stop till May† (88), Ontario maintains full confidence in Zach. â€Å"She wasn’t staring out the windshield into the white fury of the headlights, but watching him as if they were cruising down the Coast Highway under a ripe delicate sun† (83).But even with the confidence of his potential mate, his risk taking skills, and attitude nature still manages to turn things around on him when the car skids into a boulder and lands itself in â€Å"a glistening white ditch that undulated gracefully away from the hidden surface of the road† (85). Zach is now completely alone in the nature with Ontario, â€Å"which was where he really and truly wanted to be† (85). However, it is now that all of his unpreparedness becomes apparent. â€Å"He didn’t have a shovel in the truck—no shovel, and no chains† (86).No â€Å"knife† or â€Å"hatchet†, or â€Å"anything to cut with† (87). Nothing of any use to assist them in getting the tires up and out of the ditch. All of their feeble attempts merely gave â€Å"the rear whee ls a moment’s purchase† which just resulted in â€Å"[shoving] the front end in deeper† (88). Nature successfully pulls this egotistical, risk taking, prideful, dominant male down â€Å"to feel less a risk taker and more a fool, callow, rash, without foresight of calculation, the sort of blighted ndividual whose genetic infirmities get swallowed up in the food chain before he can reproduce and pass them on to vitiate the species† (86). As nature pulls Zach further and further down, deepening his misery by torrential snow and all the worries that come with leaving your car out in the middle of the wilderness (such as if â€Å"the yahoos come out and strip it† (92) ) in an attempt to hike to the Big Timber Lodge which was still a long â€Å"thirteen miles† (93) away, Ontario is â€Å"inordinately cheerful† (91).But â€Å"given how miserable [Zach] was† (91) because of the crash, he was able to pull the optimistic outlook of Ontari o down to his pessimistic level. By the end of their hike, Zach finds himself grouped into â€Å"the unlucky and unprepared† (95) people which nature tackles with full force. His trip was ruined, as well as his time with Ontario. When they finally reach the lodge, after being rescued from the cold by â€Å"the man in the goggles†(96) on a â€Å"snowmobile† (96), Ontario corrects Zachs request of a room to â€Å"two rooms† (98). In â€Å"Dogology† T. C.Boyle introduces us to Cynthia, or â€Å"C. f. , Captial C, lowercase f† (44) as she prefers to be called. She is a young woman who has finished grad school and attempting to â€Å"challenge† (35) the misconceptions people have about dogs. The world views dogs as â€Å"beneath them†¦ common, pedestrian, no more exotic than the housefly or the Norway rat† (35). C. f. was obsessed with changing the worlds view of dogs despite the fact that â€Å"the graduate committee rejected her thesis† (35). Humans have domesticated dogs. This results in two types of dogs: the wild and the domesticated.Cynthia challenges the methods of nature, by trying to change herself into a member of the pack. She committed herself to doing things as the pack would, â€Å"made a point of wearing the same things continuously for weeks on end†¦ in the expectation that her scent would invest them, and the scent of the pack too† (40). She â€Å"[hoped] to gain their confidence† (40) by smelling like them, running with them â€Å"reminding herself to always keep her head down and go quadrupedal whenever possible† (35) this was how she was going to â€Å"hear, smell and see as the dogs did† (35).Nature did not intend for Cynthia to take on the life of the dog. She was born human, and yet â€Å"what she was doing, or attempting to do, was nothing short of reordering her senses so that she could think like a dog and interpret the whole world— not just the human world—as dogs did† (35). Cynthia is exposed to the consequences of challenging nature by converting yourself to a different species of the world. Though married, Cynthia commits her days to accomplishing â€Å"the rhythm of dogdom† (40), ignoring the needs and the wants of her husband.She throws her â€Å"neighborhood into an uproar† (41) to the point where â€Å"they’re going to have her committed† (51). Her husband â€Å"locked her out† (50) of the house, leaving her to be with the dogs after a confrontation in which â€Å"he’d kicked her† (49) out of the frustration of her â€Å"research†(49) which he plainly saw as â€Å"bullshit† (49). â€Å"He wanted her back home, back in the den, and that was his right† (49), however Cynthia had other ambitions. Truly, she was accomplished being â€Å"left alone†(49) to enjoy â€Å"the unalloyed sweetness in life† where â€Å" the sun blessed† her body as she lay â€Å"streched out† among the pack.However, to the average citizen it may seem all a bit too costly to sacrifice the lives we live and relationships we have all for an understanding of something so â€Å"common† (35). In â€Å"Chicxulub† we are faced with the worst scenario a parent can imagine; a late night phone call, when we least expect it, stating â€Å"there has been an accident† (135) involving our own daughter, or in this story their daughter, â€Å"Madeline Biehn of 1337 Laurel Drive† (135).We are rushed through a flury of emotions while paralleling the catastrophic events of â€Å"Tunguska† (133) and â€Å"Chicxulub† (136), a â€Å"meteor† (133) and â€Å"asteroid† (136) that had impact with the Earth with such force that they were able to flatten â€Å"seven hundred square miles of Siberian forest† (133) and make â€Å"at least seventy-five percent of all know n species extinguished† (136). The most recent of the two, â€Å"Tunguska† (133) was â€Å"nearly a hundred years ago† (133).No one was expecting it, as no one expects a phone call in the middle of the night saying your child has been in a car accident. It seems nature has an awful need to demonstrate its authority every now and again, reminding us â€Å"that we, and all our works and worries and attachments, are so utterly inconsequential† (139). The chances of these catastrophic events are rare; they are about as likely as â€Å"dying in an auto accident in the next ten months†, however they are not unheard of. There is nothing we can do if one of these events were to take place in our lifetime.It doesn’t matter if you spend your life preparing for such a catastrophic event, such as the most recent dooms day preparers, or you buy your daughter â€Å"a Honda Civic, the safest thing on four wheels† (134). If nature has a plan it will e nact and follow through with its intentions. In fact the narrator clearly states his â€Å"point. You’d better get down on your knees and pray to your gods because each year this big spinning globe we ride intersects the orbits of some twenty million asteroids† (134). Sometimes, nature â€Å"perversely† (95) likes to hand out wake up calls.We find out after â€Å"the slow striptease of death† (142) as â€Å"the sheet draws back† (142) from the gurney where the supposed dead Madeline is to be, that their â€Å"daughter is not in the hospital† (143). Their daughter is exactly where she is supposed to be â€Å"asleep in her room† (143). It was a mistaken identity because Madeline â€Å"[loaned] her ID to her second-best friend, Kristi Cherwin† (143). The narrator of the story, â€Å"rushing still with the euphoria† realizes that this is not his daughter, and in fact not the â€Å"Chicxulub† of his lifetime.However he is left with a renewed perspective that â€Å"the rock is coming, the new Chicxulub, hurtling through the dark and the cold to remake our fate† (144). So it is through the stories that we have a renewed sense that nature is much more than a companion in life. Much more than just the flowers, and trees we pass by as we are â€Å"cruising down the Coast Highway under a ripe delicate sun† (83), much more powerful than our tactics of prevention such as our â€Å"Honda Civic† (134), or our will to undue to the simplification of our domesticated house pets.Nature has created the ways that we live in today. We are merely the players on its game board, â€Å"inconsequential† (139), insignificant. Nature does not bend to our will, but rather, we will bend to its will. Otherwise, we will be subjected to the wrath and fury of mother-nature itself.Works Cited Boyle, T. C. Tooth and Claw. New York: Viking, 2006. Blio. com. Blio. 2006. Web. 11 April. 2012.